Every year the tool sums your ordinary income, figures how much Social Security is taxable, subtracts your deductions, applies the 2026 brackets, then layers on Medicare and any early-withdrawal penalty. Each stream is handled the way the IRS actually treats it — the dotted line on the income chart is that result, year by year, not a flat rate.
What counts as ordinary income
Your FERS annuity and supplement, military retired pay, the traditional (non-Roth) share of each TSP draw, "other" income, a savings account you've tagged pre-tax, and your spouse's ordinary income. Never taxed: VA disability, the Roth share of TSP draws, and after-tax savings withdrawals (Roth IRA, HSA, brokerage basis). Because your Roth/traditional TSP blend evolves as you contribute, the taxable share of each draw changes over time.
Federal brackets & deductions (2026)
Seven brackets, 10% to 37% — the 12% bracket tops out at $50,400 single, $100,800 married filing jointly. You get the standard deduction ($16,100 single / $32,200 joint), the extra 65+ amount ($2,050 / $3,300) from age 65, and the 2025–2028 OBBBA senior bonus ($6,000 per 65+ filer, phasing out above $75k / $150k income).
Social Security
Up to 85% of your benefit is taxable, set by the "provisional income" formula on thresholds fixed in 1984/1993 ($25k / $34k single, $32k / $44k joint). They aren't indexed to inflation, so a rising share becomes taxable over time; the rest stays tax-free.
Medicare & IRMAA
From 65, Part B runs $202.90/mo standard, with IRMAA surcharges stacked on above the income tiers (up to ~3.4× for high incomes). It nets out of your income like a premium, and a Roth conversion or big RMD in one year can push you into a higher tier two years later.
State & abroad
Your state's actual retirement treatment: the broad retirement-income exemptions where they exist, full or partial military-retired-pay exemptions, and the handful of states that still tax some Social Security. Retiring abroad, government pensions (FERS, military) stay US-taxed under treaty, and the host-country rate applies to whatever it taxes (often TSP and Social Security).
The early-withdrawal penalty
Draw traditional TSP before 59½ without the Rule of 55 (age 55, or 50 for special provisions) and the 10% penalty rides the after-tax line. A 72(t)/SEPP schedule — a locked series of IRS-sized equal withdrawals — avoids it; not modeled, but flagged where it applies.
What's not modeled
Capital-gains and dividend tax on a taxable brokerage (savings withdrawals are treated as untaxed basis unless you tag the account pre-tax), the Net Investment Income Tax, the AMT (alternative minimum tax), and city or local income taxes. These are usually second-order for a retirement projection; where one bites, verify with a tax professional. The survivor "widow's tax trap" — refiling single on nearly the same income — is modeled; see the What if? section. Every figure here is an estimate for planning, not a filing.